Economy March 27, 2026

Bank of Spain Sees Modest Q1 Expansion, Revises 2026 Outlook Upward Amid Middle East Shock

Central bank lifts its 2026 baseline growth forecast to 2.3% but flags higher inflation and external risks tied to the Iran conflict

By Derek Hwang
Bank of Spain Sees Modest Q1 Expansion, Revises 2026 Outlook Upward Amid Middle East Shock

The Bank of Spain estimates first-quarter GDP rose between 0.5% and 0.6%, a deceleration from 0.8% in Q4. It raised its baseline growth forecast for 2026 to 2.3% from 2.2%, factoring in the economic effects of the war in Iran. The central bank also adjusted inflation and public finance projections while noting that energy price and external market assumptions are less favourable.

Key Points

  • Q1 growth estimated at 0.5%-0.6%, slowing from 0.8% in Q4 - impacts GDP growth outlook and domestic demand.
  • 2026 baseline growth raised to 2.3% from 2.2%, but would be 2.4% without the Iran conflict - relevant for markets, fiscal planning and investment decisions.
  • Inflation forecasts lifted to 3.0% in 2026 (from 2.1%) and 2.5% in 2027 (from 1.9%) - affects monetary outlook and sectors sensitive to price pressures such as energy and consumer goods.

Madrid, March 27 - Spain's economy likely posted growth of between 0.5% and 0.6% in the first quarter, the Bank of Spain reported on Friday, a pace that outstrips many of the larger economies in the euro area but marks a slowdown from the 0.8% expansion recorded in the fourth quarter.

In its latest outlook the central bank nudged up its baseline projection for full-year 2026 growth to 2.3% from a prior estimate of 2.2%, explicitly incorporating the economic impact of the war in Iran into its calculations. The bank noted that Spain's economy expanded by 2.8% in 2025.

Officials said the forecast was prepared under more unfavourable technical assumptions relating to energy prices and developments in external markets. Those negative technical effects are expected to be partly offset by fiscal support measures enacted to mitigate the fallout from the Middle East crisis.

The Bank of Spain added that in the absence of the Iran conflict its GDP projection for 2026 would have been raised to 2.4% rather than the reported 2.3%.

Under its baseline scenario the bank now expects GDP to grow 1.7% for the relevant near-term horizon, compared with a 2.0% outcome in a scenario without the impact from the war in the Middle East. This baseline estimate is lower than the December forecast, which stood at 1.9%.

Inflation expectations were revised higher as well: the bank projects inflation will accelerate to 3.0% in 2026 under its baseline, up from an earlier forecast of 2.1%, and to 2.5% in 2027 compared with a prior 1.9% estimate.

On public finances, the central bank forecast a budget deficit of 2.3% of GDP for both 2026 and 2027, an improvement from the 2.5% deficit recorded in 2025. The debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to finish the current year at 99.2% and to fall to 98.1% by the end of 2027.


What this means - The Bank of Spain's revisions reflect a balancing act between negative external and energy-related pressures and domestic fiscal measures aimed at cushioning the economy from geopolitical shocks.

Risks

  • Uncertainty from the war in Iran - could further affect energy prices, external demand and supply chains, with implications for energy, manufacturing and trade-exposed sectors.
  • More unfavourable technical assumptions on energy prices and external markets - these downside assumptions may weigh on growth and inflation paths and on government revenues.
  • Reliance on fiscal support measures to offset external shocks - effectiveness and duration of fiscal interventions introduce uncertainty for public finances and market confidence.

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