Global Ship Lease Fourth Quarter 2025 Earnings Call - Fortress Balance Sheet, $2.24B Forward Revenue as Middle East Disruption Tightens Market

Desiree, Conference Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. My name is Desiree, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Global Ship Lease Fourth Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker’s remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press Star followed by the number 1 on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw a question again, press the star 1. I would now like to turn the conference over to Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer. You may begin.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Thank you very much. Hello, everyone, welcome to the Global Ship Lease fourth quarter 2025 earnings conference call. You can find the slides that accompany today’s presentation on our website at www.globalshiplease.com. As usual, slides two and three remind you that today’s call may include forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations and assumptions and are, by their nature, inherently uncertain and outside of the company’s control. Actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements due to many factors, including those described in the safe harbor section of the slide presentation. We would also like to direct your attention to the Risk Factors section of our most recent annual report on our 2024 Form 20-F, which was filed in March 2025. You can find the form on our website or on the SEC’s.

All of our statements are qualified by these and other disclosures in our reports filed with the SEC. We do not undertake any duty to update forward-looking statements. The reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to which we will refer during this call to the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP usually refer to the earnings release that we issued this morning, which is also available on our website. I’m joined, as usual today, by our Executive Chairman, George Youroukos, and our Chief Financial Officer, Tassos Psaropoulos. George will begin the call with high-level commentary on GSL and our industry, and then Tassos and I will take you through our recent activity, quarterly results and financials, and the current market environment. After that, we’ll be pleased to answer your questions. Turning now to slide 4, I’ll pass the call over to George.

George Youroukos, Executive Chairman, Global Ship Lease: Thank you, Tom. Good morning, afternoon or evening to all of you joining us today. Both the supportive supply and demand trends and heightened geopolitical uncertainty that we have previously highlighted remained firmly in place throughout 2025, and then in recent days have clearly ratcheted up even more. Tariffs, the prospect of new port fees in the U.S. and elsewhere, security concerns in and around the Red Sea, and now the situation in Iran shifting from tense to violent conflict. The list goes on. These and other factors have all combined to increase unpredictability and volatility, fundamentally alter and fragment trade patterns, and make supply chains more inefficient as a consequence. At the same time, and perhaps surprisingly, given the noise, aggregate global containerized trade increased in 2025 by 5%, with import volumes to the U.S. also growing year-on-year.

In this environment, demand for mid-size and smaller container ships has remained remarkably strong. As a result, we have continued to lock in charter coverage at attractive rates with $2.24 billion in contracted revenue over the next 2.7 years, with 99% contract coverage for 2026 and 81% in 2027. Maximizing optionality remains key focus to us in order to both mitigate risk and seize value accretive opportunities. With this in mind, we have transformed our balance sheet, reduced debt and increased liquidity, all serving to bolster our resilience and agility in the process. This progress has been reflected by the affirmation of our strong credit ratings by leading rating agencies and has also supported payment of our quarterly dividend, which we raised again with a dividend paid in December 2025.

On an annualized basis, we now pay two and a half dollars per common share. Another thing at the front of our minds is strategic but highly selective fleet renewal. We were pleased to announce a transaction in December for three vessels that make our fleet younger and larger and replace some of our aging cash cows, which we had previously monetized at cyclically attractive prices. Tom will discuss this more in a few minutes. We see these as great ships that are in the Post-Panamax sweet spot, acquired at a fantastic price, de-risk right out of the gate and with compelling upside potential. In short, just the sort of deal for which we keep our powder dry.

Taken together, this progress and these successes are possible because we have worked diligently to maximize optionality in order to manage risks and seize opportunities in a cyclical industry and a turbulent world. On slide five, we thought that it would be helpful for newer investors and a new refresher, a nice refresher for our friends who have stuck with us and made money with us over time to put our current status in some historical context. Over the past five years, we have transformed the business and dramatically increased all of our key earnings and cash flow metrics while simultaneously de-risking our balance sheet.

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: We have returned capital to shareholders, both by way of opportunistic share buybacks and by introducing a dividend, which we have repeatedly upsized as we made progress on delevering and building our contract cash flow. Our share price has responded accordingly, tripling over the period. The profound improvements that you can see here are a testament to a dynamic capital allocation policy, the discipline and patience to stick with it through the cycle, and the ability and confidence to seize opportunities as they arise. We fully intend to continue building on this track record, generating shareholder value by making global supplies even more competitive, robust and resilient for the long term. With that, I will turn the call over to Tom.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Thank you, George. Hello again, everyone. Please now turn to slide 6, where you will see our diversified charter portfolio. As of December 31, we have over $2.2 billion in forward contracted revenues with 2.7 years of remaining contract cover. Throughout 2025 and the first two months of this year, we added 52 charters, including options exercised for $1.26 billion in additional contracted revenues. It’s been a pretty good year. Turning to slide 7, we take a look at our dynamic capital allocation policy through which we are able to mitigate the risks and capitalize on the opportunities inherent in the natural cyclicality of our industry, not to mention the so-called black swan events the industry seems now to be confronting on a regular basis. We have delevered our balance sheet to reduce risk and build equity value.

Our increased cash position has made us more resilient and capable of handling whatever may arise, from upheaval in the Middle East to tariffs to an evolving regulatory landscape and, of course, to opportunities as they appear. As always, a top priority is returning capital to shareholders. In late 2025, we upsized our dividend yet again to reach $2.50 per share on an annualized basis. We aim to provide investors with a liquid and stable platform from which they can participate in the shipping cycle, maximizing access to upside opportunities while minimizing exposure to downside risks. Slide 8 shows our patient and disciplined approach regarding investments.

As you can see from the chart, we have a strong track record of buying ships during market downturns when asset values are low and then contracting them on super lucrative charters to lock in the good times of the upcycles. It’s easy to say buy low, but it’s much more difficult to do, especially as access to capital also tends to be constrained during downturns. That being said, I would underline the following points. First, our capital allocation policy is dynamic and has us well prepared to pounce on value accretive opportunities when they arise. Second, our relationships throughout the industry give us insight into nascent deal opportunities, often before they’re known in the broader market. Third, our combination of long-term focus and balance sheet strength put us in a position to take a holistic and through-the-cycle view of risk, returns, and option value.

Brings us to slide 9. On December first of last year, we announced the purchase of 3 high-specification, fuel-efficient 8,600 TEU container ships that were built in 2010 and 2011 and had already been fitted with valuable eco upgrades by their previous owners. This deal was executed on short notice with cash on hand, is de-risked from the get-go, and offers high upside potential in the years to come. As these are sister ships to high demand, high earning ships already in the GSL fleet, we have the added advantage of extensive first-hand knowledge of their operating and commercial profiles. By purchasing the ships with below-market charters attached, we were able to achieve an aggregate purchase price of $90 million, which isn’t far off what a single ship would cost charter-free. Meaning this is essentially a 3-for-the-price-of-1 deal.

Added to which, their aggregate scrap value alone is around $40 million. Long-term historic average charter rates for ships like these are over $40,000 a day. We’re looking at just the sort of low risk, high upside potential deal we like very much. There’s a nice symmetry in that we funded this fleet renewal almost to the dollar with proceeds from the sale of much older, smaller ships that we had monetized at cyclically high values during the course of 2025. With that, I’ll pass the call to Tasos to discuss our financials. Tasos.

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: Thank you, Tom. Slide 10 shows our financial highlights in 2025. I would like to emphasize a few key takeaways. Full-year earnings and cash flow were up compared to 2024. Our cash position is $637 million, of which $164 million is restricted. The remainder ensures that we can fully cover our covenants, working capital needs, and manage the potential financial implication of geopolitical issues, which seems to be arising with increasing frequency and intensity. It also provides dry power from a position of almost net zero debt, both for CapEx to keep our existing fleet commercially relevant and for disciplined investments in fleet renewal when the right opportunities emerge. All of this without compromising our ability to reliably pay healthy and recently enlarged dividend.

The latest $85 million refinancing has pushed our average debt maturity to 4.5 years and our blended cost of debt down to 4.49%. We also realized a $46.2 million gain from the sale of four older ships, and we have strong credit ratings from the leading rating agencies. Slide 11 highlights our progress in delivering our balance sheet and building equity value. The graph on the left shows our lower understanding debt, which stood at $950 million at the end of 2022, was under $700 million at the end of 2025, and is on track to be well below $600 million by the end of 2026. The graph on the right tells a similar story, but with starker context.

We have worked diligently to reduce our leverage from 8.4 times in 2018 to 0.5 times today. These comprehensive efforts are shown further on slide 12, where we have lowered our borrowing costs from a blended 7.56% in 2018 down to 4.49% in 2025. We have also maintained low break-even rates through multiple years of inflation by aggressively reducing our interest expense. This keeps us both competitive and resilient in any market environment. With that, I will turn the call back over to Tom to discuss the market and our fleet.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Thanks, Tasos. On slide 13, we put our fleet in context, restating our focus on mid-size and smaller container ships between 2,000 TEU and 10,000 TEU. In contrast to the really big ships, which require specialized port infrastructure and tend to be constrained to the big East-West quote-unquote "mainline trades," mid-size and smaller container ships are highly flexible and can be employed worldwide without being reliant on or captive to any industry or country. As such, they provide the liner companies, our customers, with valuable optionality at a time when trade patterns are in flux. By the way, it’s often overlooked that roughly 3/4 of containerized trade by volume already takes place in the non-mainline North, South, and intra-regional trades like intra-Asia. We’ll discuss this further over the coming slides.

On slide 14, we turn to the situation in the Middle East, a subject that is, of course, top of mind for us as it is for many across the shipping industry and beyond. We will not pretend to be geopolitical analysts or forecasters here, but we can provide some facts and context. Fundamentally, two key Middle East shipping choke points, the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, are now more or less closed at the moment. First, the Red Sea and Suez Canal, through which around 20% of containerized trade volumes would normally transit. Here, the initial green shoots of cautious optimism have been decisively cut back with the Houthis calling for renewed vessel attacks in the Southern Red Sea.

Even before this setback, the large majority of transits continued to go the long way around the Cape of Good Hope, which sucks up around about 10% of global effective fleet supply in the process. Recent updates suggest that this is likely to remain the case for the time being. The new choke point to address is the Strait of Hormuz, through which shipping traffic has pretty much ceased since the outbreak of hostilities, with multiple major regional ports suspending operations in part or in full.

While it is more famously a gateway for global energy flows, a normal year would also see between 3% and 4% of global container volumes move through the Strait of Hormuz, serving ports such as Jebel Ali in Dubai, which is the ninth busiest port in the world, as well as Doha, Abu Dhabi, and Dammam in Saudi. While the overall volumes themselves are not huge, the knock-on effects are much bigger given, among other things, the importance of Jebel Ali as a transshipment hub and the challenges of serving Gulf destinations by alternative routes. This is a big deal. Container supply chains, which were already complex, now have additional challenges and inefficiencies to confront. We will see how the liner companies adapt, we are, of course, in the very early days of all this.

In summary, the situation is highly dynamic and the longer-term implications are unclear. However, the paramount concern for the industry amid the turmoil is and must continue to be seafarer safety. Turning to another source of disruption on slide 15, we look at tariffs. While the sands keep shifting on this issue, looking back to 2019’s tariffs under the first Trump administration could be at least directionally instructive in how things develop moving ahead. As expected, the tariffs in 2019 did indeed result in a reduction in direct trade between the U.S. and China. Perhaps unexpectedly, however, there was an increase in demand for mid-sized and smaller container ships during this period as supply chains shifted and decentralized. Intra-regional trade, particularly intra-Asia containerized trade volumes, rose.

Trade networks grew more complex and more inefficient, and those conditions tend to be supportive of earnings for providers of shipping capacity like GSL. Slide 16 is where we cover some of the other geopolitical and regulatory trends affecting the shipping world. This slide is backward-looking, as who knows what other surprises 2026 has in store. USTR port fees were introduced by the U.S. in October of 2025, and while they caused some disruption, the industry was able to adapt to the new circumstances given the lead time with which they were announced. However, China’s port fees did not offer the same lead time and were much more disruptive as a result. Fortunately, the port fees from both countries were suspended until the fourth quarter of 2026.

While these policies and their implications have been deferred for now, the situation was a reminder of how fast things can change and how optionality is more valuable than ever within the current global framework, both for us and for our customers. Notably, the White House’s recently unveiled Maritime Action Plan points to the possibility of future such port fees. Along with the rest of our industry, we will certainly closely monitor future developments there on this front. The IMO’s IMO Net-Zero Framework faced a similar delay to the fourth quarter of 2026. This decision is expected to provide a boost to existing conventionally fueled vessels such as those in the GSL fleet. Amidst this heightened regulatory and geopolitical uncertainty, we will stay prudent, disciplined, and agile. Doing our best to maintain and to leverage the optionality at our disposal.

On slide 17, we highlight supply-side dynamics and scrapping trends where little has changed from last quarter. Both idle capacity and scrapping activity have remained near 0. With minimal slack in the system due to fragmented and inefficient supply chains, the charter market rate environment has remained strong and charterers have proven willing to pay attractive rates even for late-in-life ships. Unsurprisingly, owners have responded by keeping those ships on the water and profitably in service for absolutely as long as possible. Slide 18 shows the order book, which has grown meaningfully in recent years, but importantly, mostly in the larger vessel segments where GSL does not participate. For ships over 10,000 TEU, in other words, the really big ships, the order book to fleet ratio stands at 55.5%, which drives the overall order book to fleet ratio to almost 35%.

For the size segments below 10,000 TEU, which are the ones relevant to GSL, that number halves to 16.9% with deliveries spread over the next five years or so. In addition to the smaller order book, if we were to assume all ships 25 years or older were scrapped through 2030, the sub 10,000 TEU fleet would actually shrink more than 6%. If supply remains low and rates remain high, we will be happy to continue locking in coverage at attractive rates. If, on the other hand, the market were to experience a normalization or even a downturn, we would expect the arrival of new ships to be offset in large part, at the very least, by a sharp rise in scrapping activity.

Similarly, we would expect such a scenario to yield interesting investment opportunities for a patient and well-capitalized owner such as GSL. We take a look at the charter market on slide 19. It is important here to remember that our daily break-even rate is just over $9,800 per vessel per day, which is well below market rates. In these supportive conditions, we’ve been hard at work locking in as much charter coverage as possible to the tune of $2.24 billion over the next 2.7 years or so, providing good forward visibility and insulation against any downside turbulence. On that note, I will turn the call back to George on slide 20.

George Youroukos, Executive Chairman, Global Ship Lease: Thank you, Tom. To summarize, we have continued building our forward visibility on cash flows now with $2.24 billion in contracted revenues over 2.7 years with 99% coverage for 2026 and 81% for 2027. Optionality remains a core focus even with a deferral for the time being of U.S. and China port fees and of the IMO’s IMO Net-Zero Framework. The geopolitical and regulatory environments remain volatile. We’re constantly at work to make GSL more resilient, robust, and able to capture opportunities. The current situation in the Middle East and around the Strait of Hormuz, of course, adds more complexity to a situation that was already highly complex and dynamic. The supply chains has become fragmented, decentralized, and increasingly inefficient, which drives further demand for mid-size and smaller container ships.

We have successfully delivered, pushed down our cost of debt, extended our average debt maturities, and lowered our daily break-even rates to well below market rates. Our fortress balance sheet, which brings us close to being net debt neutral, position us well for the opportunities and challenges of the market. We increasingly look to renew our fleet in a disciplined, prudent manner to support earnings now and into the future. We always look to return capital to shareholders. To this end, we increased our quarterly dividend in 2025, now up to two and a half dollars per share on an annualized basis. Finally, looking back on the last five years, it is gratifying to see the credit ratings agencies acknowledge the progress we have made.

Much more gratifying still is to see the stock price triple over the same period. We will do our best to ensure that positive momentum continues. With that, we’ll be very pleased to take your questions.

Desiree, Conference Operator: Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. If you have dialed in and would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad to raise your hand and join the queue. If you would like to withdraw your question, simply press star one again. If you are called upon to ask your question and are listening via speakerphone in your device, please pick up your handset to ensure that your phone is not on mute when asking your question. Again, press star one to join the queue. Our first question comes from the line of Liam Burke with B. Riley Securities. Your line is open.

Liam Burke, Analyst, B. Riley Securities: Yes, thank you. Hi, George, Tom, Tassos.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Hi, Liam.

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: Hello.

Liam Burke, Analyst, B. Riley Securities: I mean, the timing of this question is probably bad to understand the geopolitical situation, both of the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, but the gap between charter and freight rates is staying wide. All things being equal, is there anything that you’d anticipate to have those that movement converge in terms of freight and charter rates converging?

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Good question, Liam. I’ll have a crack at it. No doubt George will add to it. It’s very, very difficult to comment on the freight market side to that equation, which is obviously much more responsive to day-to-day events, given that contract cover is much more limited in terms of duration. However, what I can comment on the charter side of things, that what we’re seeing is that appetite from charterers remains to lock in charters at attractive rates. At least for the time being, and it’s very difficult to predict anything really in today’s slightly crazy world. For the time being, we’re seeing our customers looking to continue to lock in charters at high rates for meaningful durations.

Of course, it’s worth highlighting at this stage that 99% of our positions for 2026 are already contracted and over 80% for 2027 are already contracted. Broadly speaking, there is still charter market appetite.

Liam Burke, Analyst, B. Riley Securities: Great. Thank you. Your leverage ratios are low. You pay a very healthy dividend through the cycle. What about the cash and how do you see allocating it this year or next year?

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Sure. In this cyclical industry, the way to make genuinely attractive returns for our shareholders is making sure that we have cash to move on opportunities, ideally, you know, at the bottom of the cycle when no one else has capital. You know, that’s when you make most money for shareholders within shipping. Holding that cash on our balance sheet, we see as super valuable in that respect. And in fact, the 3 ships that we mentioned during the course of the call, these 3 8,600 TEU ships that we acquired at the tail end of last year are a perfect representation of that.

We went from 0 to completion within about 30 days or so, on that deal. You can only do that if you have capital at your disposal, which happily we did.

Liam Burke, Analyst, B. Riley Securities: Great. I apologize for asking such a specific question, but Tasos, SG&A jumped considerably. Is there a one-timer in there, or is that just another level to anticipate?

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: No, no. It has to do with the valuation of the incentive plan that we have calculated and the others have calculated. It’s non-cash item. You will see much more details in our upcoming 20-F.

Liam Burke, Analyst, B. Riley Securities: Great. Thank you, Tasos. Thank you, Tom.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Pleasure, Liam. Thanks a lot.

Desiree, Conference Operator: Again, if you would like to ask a question, press star then the number 1 on your telephone keypad. Our next question comes from the line of Omar Nokta with Clarksons Securities. Your line is open.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Thank you. Hi, guys. Good afternoon. Thank you for the update. You obviously touched on this...

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Hi, Amar.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Tom, I think. Yeah, hi, Tom. I think you talked about this and maybe touched on it also in response to Liam’s question, just kind of about what’s going on in the Middle East and the turmoil and whatnot. There’s been clearly a lot of focus on, you know, the impact on energy and exports out of the region. Sort of in terms of, say, the containers and presumably it’s a lot more of an import market than export, I would think. Just in general, what’s been sort of the impact? We’ve seen a spike in different commodity prices, and we’ve seen energy shipping rates go through the roof. What have you seen here over the past few days with respect to your business?

Have you seen any shift in the freight market dynamics or time charters?

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: I would say not in time charters. Their, you know, appetite remains, as I mentioned to Liam, from charterers at attractive rates and for attractive durations. I think in the freight markets, the industry is just struggling to adjust to this massive curveball. Now, although only 2-3 or whatever it is, 3%-4% of containers actually flow into or out of the Persian Gulf, there’s a tremendous volume that’s actually transshipped there, particularly in Jebel Ali. Although the overall numbers are comparatively modest in sort of percentage terms as far as global trade are concerned, the ramifications through the liner company networks are considerable. I think one analyst calculated that roughly 10% of the global fleet actually, under normal circumstances, calls at ports within the Persian Gulf.

Although the volumes in terms of import and export are not huge, the implications for liner companies’ networks are much bigger than that. That confusion and complexity breeds disruption in the networks, which breeds inefficiency, which breeds the necessity for more ships. That’s what we’re seeing so far, but it’s very, very early days. I don’t know. George, do you want to add to that?

George Youroukos, Executive Chairman, Global Ship Lease: Yes. What I would add is that we see clearly the statement of Houthis that they will resume their attacks in Red Sea. Red Sea is out of the question right now. There was a process where planners were returning slowly to the Red Sea. Now, this is not the case. The second thing we should see this is very similar to the COVID. There’s gonna be a big region that is not gonna be serviced by ships for until this conflict is over or at least this conflict is to a point where ships can cross the Hormuz, and there’s gonna be a big starvation of cargos in the region.

As you can imagine, this is going to create the disruption, and I think it will lead in raising the freight rates at the point when passing through the Hormuz is possible, but not, you know, clean-cut as it was before the war. I think the freights are gonna go up for the ships that’s gonna go through. Once the Hormuz is open completely, there’s gonna be a lot of cargos that need to go, that haven’t been going for a while and hence, you know, back up trade, you know, in the ports. They’re gonna be waiting and all of that. Similar mini situation of the regional mini situation of COVID, I would imagine.

If you ask me, I think the earnings of liner companies should increase for a period of time, and the fleet is going to tighten further for a period of time again.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Okay. Thanks, George. That’s quite helpful. Thanks, Tom, you answered the second question in there for me. Thank you. Maybe just one final quick follow-up just on the balance sheet. I noticed a big jump in the long-term restricted cash going from $23 million to $113 million quarter-over-quarter. Is that actual restricted cash due to like a financing or is that just sort of a long-term bank deposit?

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: It’s actually, Omar, a revenue received in advance like the previous time that we have in our account. We have, again, received a revenue received in advance, which has to be restricted, and it will be released, following the, you know, the service of the charter.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Okay. Is that how long of a duration is that?

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: If I remember correctly, it’s three years.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Okay, thanks, Tasos. Thanks, guys. I’ll turn it over.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Omar, I think just to correct. I think it’s actually five years.

Tassos Psaropoulos, Chief Financial Officer, Global Ship Lease: Five years. Yeah, yeah. Excuse me.

Omar Nokta, Analyst, Clarksons Securities: Okay. Thank you.

Desiree, Conference Operator: There are no further questions at this time. I would like to turn the call back over to Thomas Lister for closing remarks.

Thomas Lister, Chief Executive Officer, Global Ship Lease: Thank you very much, operator, and thank you everyone for joining today’s call. We look forward to regrouping for our one Q earnings once they’re ready. Stay safe. Thanks for joining. Bye-bye.

Desiree, Conference Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes today’s call. Thank you all for joining in. You may now disconnect.